Artificial intelligence ChatGPT in ophthalmology and scientific writing / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

ChatGPT is a large language models(LLMs)that uses deep learning techniques to produce human-like responses to natural language inputs. It belongs to the family of generative pre-training transformer(GPT)models currently publicly available developed by OpenAI in November 2022. ChatGPT is capable of capturing the nuances and intricacies of human language, generating appropriate and contextually relevant responses. It can assist medical professionals in various tasks, such as research, diagnosis, patient monitoring, and medical education, from identifying research programs to assisting in clinical and laboratory diagnosis, to know new developments in their fields and scientific writing. ChatGPT has also attracted increasing attention and widely used in ophthalmology. However, the use of ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence tools in such tasks comes now with several limitations, ethical and legal concerns, such as credibility, plagiarism, copyright infringement, and biases. Future research can focus on developing new methods to mitigate these limitations while harnessing the benefits of ChatGPT in medicine and related aspects.

Indoor Air Quality Assessment in the Office of the Transformer Manufacturing Factory in Selangor, Malaysia

@#Introduction: As humans spend 90% of their time inside, indoor air quality (IAQ) is critical for occupant health. The primary concern associated with low IAQ is its impact on employees’ health, comfort, and productivity. In accordance with the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 (ICOP IAQ 2010), a ten-parameter assessment was conducted in the office of the transformer manufacturing factory in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: The measured parameters are temperature, air movement, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (CH2 O), particulate matter (PM10), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), total fungal count (TFC), and total bacterial count (TBC). This study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches by distributing questionnaires (N = 42), and measuring the indoor air quality parameters with integrated equipment at selected stations and comparing them to the ICOP IAQ 2010 standard. Results: A majority of the measures, with the exception of air movement, CO2 , and TBC, complied with the ICOP IAQ 2010 standards. The one-way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) for the parameters of temperature, PM10, and TVOCs. The ChiSquare test revealed that sleepiness was a symptom of the sick building syndrome, affecting both male and female employees the most frequently and significantly. Conclusion: Air movement, CO2 , and TBC values that did not meet ICOP IAQ 2010 requirements revealed poor IAQ at the study site, which could have a negative influence on the employees’ health. To cut down on air pollution, the improvement on the ventilation system should be done to reduce the risks to the employees’ health.

SMILESynergy: Anticancer drug synergy prediction based on Transformer pre-trained model / 生物医学工程学杂志

The synergistic effect of drug combinations can solve the problem of acquired resistance to single drug therapy and has great potential for the treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. In this study, to explore the impact of interactions between different drug molecules on the effect of anticancer drugs, we proposed a Transformer-based deep learning prediction model-SMILESynergy. First, the drug text data-simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) were used to represent the drug molecules, and drug molecule isomers were generated through SMILES Enumeration for data augmentation. Then, the attention mechanism in the Transformer was used to encode and decode the drug molecules after data augmentation, and finally, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was connected to obtain the synergy value of the drugs. Experimental results showed that our model had a mean squared error of 51.34 in regression analysis, an accuracy of 0.97 in classification analysis, and better predictive performance than the DeepSynergy and MulinputSynergy models. SMILESynergy offers improved predictive performance to assist researchers in rapidly screening optimal drug combinations to improve cancer treatment outcomes.

Colorectal polyp segmentation method based on fusion of transformer and cross-level phase awareness / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to address the issues of spatial induction bias and lack of effective representation of global contextual information in colon polyp image segmentation, which lead to the loss of edge details and mis-segmentation of lesion areas, a colon polyp segmentation method that combines Transformer and cross-level phase-awareness is proposed. The method started from the perspective of global feature transformation, and used a hierarchical Transformer encoder to extract semantic information and spatial details of lesion areas layer by layer. Secondly, a phase-aware fusion module (PAFM) was designed to capture cross-level interaction information and effectively aggregate multi-scale contextual information. Thirdly, a position oriented functional module (POF) was designed to effectively integrate global and local feature information, fill in semantic gaps, and suppress background noise. Fourthly, a residual axis reverse attention module (RA-IA) was used to improve the network's ability to recognize edge pixels. The proposed method was experimentally tested on public datasets CVC-ClinicDB, Kvasir, CVC-ColonDB, and EITS, with Dice similarity coefficients of 94.04%, 92.04%, 80.78%, and 76.80%, respectively, and mean intersection over union of 89.31%, 86.81%, 73.55%, and 69.10%, respectively. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively segment colon polyp images, providing a new window for the diagnosis of colon polyps.

An improved Vision Transformer model for the recognition of blood cells / 生物医学工程学杂志

Leukemia is a common, multiple and dangerous blood disease, whose early diagnosis and treatment are very important. At present, the diagnosis of leukemia heavily relies on morphological examination of blood cell images by pathologists, which is tedious and time-consuming. Meanwhile, the diagnostic results are highly subjective, which may lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. To address the gap above, we proposed an improved Vision Transformer model for blood cell recognition. First, a faster R-CNN network was used to locate and extract individual blood cell slices from original images. Then, we split the single-cell image into multiple image patches and put them into the encoder layer for feature extraction. Based on the self-attention mechanism of the Transformer, we proposed a sparse attention module which could focus on the discriminative parts of blood cell images and improve the fine-grained feature representation ability of the model. Finally, a contrastive loss function was adopted to further increase the inter-class difference and intra-class consistency of the extracted features. Experimental results showed that the proposed module outperformed the other approaches and significantly improved the accuracy to 91.96% on the Munich single-cell morphological dataset of leukocytes, which is expected to provide a reference for physicians' clinical diagnosis.

Assessment Of Lung Function Status Of Workers At A Transformer Manufacturing Plant In Selangor, Malaysia

@#Transformer manufacturing industry uses volatile organic compounds (VOCs) containing materials such as varnish which can cause adverse health effects to human. Exposure to a high level of VOCs could disrupt the normal functions of a human lung.Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the status of lung functions of the workers exposed to VOCs at a transformer manufacturing plant in Selangor. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration in the office and production area was measured using direct-reading method and 60 subjects were selected to undergo the lung function test. The FVC and FEV1 values showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the exposed group and the non-exposed group. The mean readings of FVC (69.07±12.58) and FEV₁ (72.90±10.46) of the exposed groups were lower than the non-exposed group, which were 81.47±9.78 and 84.23±9.07, respectively. In contrast to the FEV1/FVC parameters, the non-exposed group (102.93 ± 7.17) showed lower mean values than the exposed group (105.90±8.98). Besides that, the nasal symptoms showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the exposed and non-exposed group. The demographic data of the exposed group showed no association with the lung function status of the exposed group workers. However, the lung functions of the exposed group were influenced by the concentration of VOCs in the production area. High concentration of VOCs may cause detrimental effects on the lung functions. Therefore, management or employers in the industry should always be aware of the effects of VOCs, and take appropriate steps to ensure the safety and welfare of the employees.

Propuesta para la formación en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, desde la percepción, conceptualización y experiencia práctica de los enfoques de Salud Familiar / Proposal for training in Family and Community Medicine, from the perception, conceptualization and practical experience of Family Health approaches / Proposta de formação em Medicina Familiar e Comunitária, a partir da percepção, conceituação e experiência prática de abordagens de Saúde Familiar

Resumen La existencia de un Plan Decenal de Salud Pública para Colombia y la definición de una Política de Atención Integral en Salud concretaron un nuevo Modelo de Atención basado en la Atención Primaria de la Salud. Esto ubicó a la Salud Familiar y Comunitaria como núcleo fundamental y definió un rol al Médico y al Profesional Familiar y Comunitario, que dimensiona los procesos transdisciplinarios y la articulación de acciones individuales y colectivas, con esquemas pedagógicos holísticos transformadores. Este planteamiento generó un análisis y reflexión de la opinión de una muestra del 14,6% de los clasificados como Salubristas por el Observatorio Laboral del Ministerio de Educación quienes, con la respuesta a 13 preguntas enviadas por vía electrónica, libremente plantearon su percepción, conceptualización y experiencia práctica de los enfoques de Salud Familiar y Comunitaria. Con esta medición se definieron los contenidos básicos que se presentan en este documento con un nuevo enfoque transversal en el Pregrado y los Posgrados, de acuerdo con una propuesta pedagógica transformadora y con visión práctica, encontrándose aquí como destacable, la importante relación entre la educación y la salud integral; el concepto que en el 80% de las observaciones se expresó al denominar el poco compromiso de la comunidad y los profesionales de la salud con una "Cultura de la Salud Integralmente Concebida".

Abstract The existence of a Decennial Public Health Plan for Colombia and the definition of a Comprehensive Health Care Policy concretized a new Model of Care based on Primary Health Care. This placed Family and Community Health as a fundamental nucleus and defined a role for the Family and Community Physician and Practitioner, who dimension the transdisciplinary processes and the articulation of individual and collective actions, with transformational holistic pedagogical schemes. This approach generated an analysis and reflection of the opinion of a sample of 14.6% of those classified as Salubristas by the Labor Observatory of the Ministry of Education who, with the answer to 13 questions sent electronically, freely raised their perception, conceptualization and practical experience of Family and Community Health approaches. With this measurement the basic contents that are presented in this document with a new transversal approach in the Undergraduate and Postgraduates were defined, according to a pedagogical proposal transforming and with practical vision, being here like remarkable, the important relation between the education and integral health; the concept that in 80% of the observations was expressed when denominating the little commitment of the community and the professionals of the health with an "Culture of the Health Integrally Conceived".

Resumo A existência de um Plano de Saúde Pública de dez anos para a Colômbia ea definição de uma Política Integral de Saúde resultou em um novo Modelo de Cuidados Baseado em Atenção Primária à Saúde. Isso colocou a Familia e a Saúde Comunitária como um núcleo fundamental e definiu um papel para o Médico e o Profissional Familiar e Comunitário, que dimensiona os processos transdisciplinares e a articulação de ações individuais e coletivas, com esquemas pedagógicos transformadores holísticos. Esta abordagem gerou uma análise e reflexão da opinião de uma amostra de 14,6% das classificadas como Salubristas pelo Observatório do Trabalho do Ministério da Educação que, com a resposta a 13 questões enviadas eletronicamente, aumentou livremente sua percepção, conceituação e experiência prática de abordagens de saúde familiar e comunitária. Com esta medida, os conteúdos básicos apresentados neste documento foram definidos com um novo foco transversal em Estudos de Graduação e Pós-Graduação, de acordo com uma proposta pedagógica transformadora e com uma visão prática, sendo aqui a relação notável entre educação e saúde abrangente; o conceito de que em 80% das observações foi expressado chamando o pequeno compromisso da comunidade e os profissionais de saúde com uma "Cultura de Saúde Integralmente Concebida".

The autoregulatory loop: A common mechanism of regulation of key sex determining genes in insects.

Sex determination in most insects is structured as a gene cascade, wherein a primary signal is passed through a series of sex-determining genes, culminating in a downstream double-switch known as doublesex that decides the sexual fate of the embryo. From the literature available on sex determination cascades, it becomes apparent that sex determination mechanisms have evolved rapidly. The primary signal that provides the cue to determine the sex of the embryo varies remarkably, not only among taxa, but also within taxa. Furthermore, the upstream key gene in the cascade also varies between species and even among closely related species. The order Insecta alone provides examples of astoundingly complex diversity of upstream key genes in sex determination mechanisms. Besides, unlike key upstream genes, the downstream double-switch gene is alternatively spliced to form functional sex-specific isoforms. This sex-specific splicing is conserved across insect taxa. The genes involved in the sex determination cascade such as Sex-lethal (Sxl) in Drosophila melanogaster, transformer (tra) in many other dipterans, coleopterans and hymenopterans, Feminizer (fem) in Apis mellifera, and IGF-II mRNA-binding protein (Bmimp) in Bombyx mori are reported to be regulated by an autoregulatory positive feedback loop. In this review, by taking examples from various insects, we propose the hypothesis that autoregulatory loop mechanisms of sex determination might be a general strategy. We also discuss the possible reasons for the evolution of autoregulatory loops in sex determination cascades and their impact on binary developmental choices.

Effects of exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields on humoral immune function in transformer substation workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of long-term exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields on the humoral immune function in transformer substation workers. METHODS: By simple random sampling method,64 workers with length of service longer than 5. 0 years in 500 k V transformer substation were chosen as exposure group and 57 general administrative staffs without exposure to power frequency electromagnetic field were chosen as control group. Venous blood was collected from subjects of these two groups and the levels of immunoglobulin( Ig) A,Ig G,Ig M,complement( C) 3and C4 in plasma were examined by immunoturbidimetry. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,the levels of both Ig A and Ig G increased( P < 0. 05),while both levels of C3 and C4 decreased( P < 0. 05) in exposure group. Compared with the control,the level of Ig G increased( P < 0. 05),while the levels of both C3 and C4 decreased( P < 0. 05) in exposure subgroup with length of service ≤10. 0 years. The level of C4 decreased( P < 0. 05) in exposure subgroup with length of service > 10. 0 years. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields may activate the humoral immune function in transformer substation workers.

Effect of fiber direction on the polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composites / 대한치과보존학회지

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fiber direction on the polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite. The disc-shaped flowable composite specimens (d = 10 mm, h = 2 mm, Aeliteflo A2, Bisco, Inc., IL, USA) with or without glass fiber bundle (X-80821P Glass Fiber, Bisco, Inc., IL, USA) inside were prepared, and the longitudinal and transversal polymerization shrinkage of the specimens on radial plane were measured with strain gages (Linear S-series 350omega, CAS, Seoul, Korea). In order to measure the free polymerization shrinkage of the flowable composite itself, the disc-shaped specimens (d = 7 mm, h = 1 mm) without fiber were prepared, and the axial shrinkage was measured with an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) displacement sensor. The cross-section of the polymerized specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope to examine the arrangement of the fiber bundle in composite. The mean polymerization shrinkage value of each specimen group was analyzed with ANOVA and Scheffe post-hoc test (alpha=0.05). The radial polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite was decreased in the longitudinal direction of fiber, but increased in the transversal direction of fiber (p<0.05). We can conclude that the polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite splint or restoratives is dependent on the direction of fiber.

El terapeuta en la transferencia visto a través del sueño

El presente trabajo aborda aspectos de la relación transferencial de una paciente que sueña a la terapeuta, así como del fantasma inconsciente que revela la realización de un deseo que, en muchas ocasiones, expresa directamente un impulso de tendencias agresivas, ya sea orales-sádicas, uretrales-sádicas, anales o fálicas. Al mismo tiempo, el fantasmatizar o soñar es una defensa contra realidades dolorosas que están en relación entre el sujeto y sus objetos parentales o sustitutos. Asimismo, se describen hechos del caso clínico, fragmentos de sesiones y dos sueños de la paciente que darán luz a la terapeuta, en la relación transferencial, no sólo en la interpretación sino como un material clínico que le permitirá ayudar a la paciente, no sólo a contemplar su parte agresiva sino considerarlo como una llamada de auxilio de la misma y transformar ese material en algo positivo que permita a la terapeuta ayudarla a resolver su conflicto interno que expresa a través del sueño.

O presente trabalho trata de aspectos da relação transferencial de uma paciente que sonha com a terapeuta, bem como do fantasma que demonstra a realização de um desejo que, em muitas ocasiões, expressa diretamente um impulso de tendências agressivas, sejam orais-sádicas, uretrais-sádicas, anal ou fálicas. Ao mesmo tempo, gerar fantasmas ou sonhar é uma defesa contra as realidades dolorosas que têm relação com o sujeito e seus objetos parentais ou substitutos. Desse modo, são descritos fatos do caso clínico, fragmentos de sessões e dos sonhos da paciente que guiarão a terapeuta na relação transferencial, não só na interpretação, mas também como material clínico que lhe permitirá ajudar a paciente não só a examinar sua parte agressiva, mas também a serem consideradas como chamada de auxílio dela mesma e transformar esse material em algo positivo que permita à terapeuta ajudá-la a resolver seu conflito interno que expressa através do sonho.

Le présent travail aborde les aspects de la relation transférentielle d’une patiente qui rêve de la thérapeute, ainsi que le fantasme qui révèle la réalisation d’un désir qui, à plusieurs occasions, exprime directement une impulsion de tendances agressives, qu’elles soient orales-sadiques, urétrales-sadiques, anales, ou encore phalliques. En même temps, fantasmer ou rêver est une défense contre les réalités douloureuses qui concernent le sujet et ses objets parentaux ou leurs substituts. On décrit ainsi des faits du cas clinique, des fragments de séances et de rêves de la patiente qui guideront la thérapeute, dans la relation transférentielle, non seulement dans l’interprétation mais aussi dans le matériel clinique. Ceci lui permettra d’aider la patiente non seulement à contempler sa partie agressive, mais également à considérer celle-ci comme un appel au secours, transformant ce matériel en quelque chose de positif permettant la résolution du conflit interne qui s’exprime à travers le rêve.

This article deals with aspects of the transferential relationship with a patient who dreams of her therapist. Unconscious fantasies are discussed that reveal a wish fulfillment that often directly expresses an impulse toward aggressive acts, whether they be oral-sadistic, urethral-sadistic, anal or phallic. Fantasizing and dreaming constitute a defense against painful realities that are in constant relation with a patient’s parental or substitute objects. Facts regarding the clinical case are described. In addition, the author discusses fragments of sessions and of two dreams, whereby the therapist could hear the patient’s cries for help and transform her material into something positive that would allow her to resolve the internal conflict expressed in the dreams.

Design and Implement of Data Collection and Management System for Water Meters, Electric Meters and Oxygen Gauges in Hospital / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To research and develop a data collection and management system for water meters, electric meters and oxygen gauges within the hospital intranet and perform an interface to the reckon of No.1 Military Project to make sure the accruracy of reckon entry. Methods Terminal equipment is water meters, electric meters and oxygen gauges with RS485 long-distance transmission interface. All the long-distance transmission meters for each independent reckon unit are connected to a single or a group of Comport-Network transformers. The data collected by data collection software will then periodically transmit and save the equipment data in a single or multiple special datatables built on No.1 Military database platform. Results This technology has been applied to the newly built in -patient building. Conclusion The interface designed to integrate decentralized equipment and data into the hospital's local area network using Comport- Network will have extensive application and promising marketing prospect.